Catégorie : Political System Review
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Hungarian heresy in the mirror of history
By László Andor, Secretary General for the Foundation for European Progressive Studies. From the very start of the Russia—Ukraine war, Hungary has been seen as an outlier in the EU, due to the ostensibly pro-Moscow pivot of Prime Minister Viktor Orbán. He took decisions against Hungarian arms deliveries to Ukraine, or even just to allow…
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Reduction of the role of the State after 1989 and its consequences on the public sphere in Poland.
By Sarah Bomba, Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INALCO), Paris. The dynamics of institutional transformation in Poland after 1989 have led to a gradual erosion of its democracy. Following 1989, the Polish state increasingly embraced the principles of the free market, characterized by a significant reduction in taxes and a growing influence of…
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The lev against the euro or what is behind it?
By Antony Todorov, New Bulgarian University. Let us recall: with its accession to the EU in 2007, Bulgaria assumed the obligation to join the monetary union (the eurozone) when it managed to meet the criteria for this, and until then a derogation is in effect. This is an obligation for all EU countries, with one…
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Strategic Friendship in Times of Uncertainty: Polish–French Relations in the 21st Century
By Kinga Torbicka, University of Warsaw. Introduction Polish–French relations have been complex and multifaceted throughout the centuries and in recent decades. Despite tensions and differences, both sides have consistently nurtured their relationship, much like in a true friendship. Only after years of efforts, struggles, disputes, misunderstandings, and mutual disappointments does the moment arrive when the…
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The Borders of the European Union as Lines of Defence: The Strategic Relevance of the “Eastern Shield” in the Context of the War in Ukraine.
By Kinga Torbicka, University of Warsaw. Introduction The National Deterrence and Defence Project “Eastern Shield” (2024–2028) is a comprehensive initiative aimed at strengthening Poland’s defensive capabilities along its eastern border. The programme was developed in response to the deteriorating security environment in the region, particularly following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022, which highlighted the…